ð å±æèªå°Ÿã®åèªãªã¹ãïŒè±èªã®åœ¢æ è«
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è±èªã®åŠç¿è ã«ãšã£ãŠãåèªã®æ«å°Ÿãå€åããå±æèªå°Ÿã¯åŸåŸã«ããŠåŠç¿äžã®é£æã§ããæ¬èšäºã§ã¯ããå±æèªå°Ÿã®åèªãªã¹ãïŒè±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ããããŒããšããŠããããã®èªå°Ÿã®ç¹åŸŽãã«ãŒã«ããããŠå ·äœçãªäŸã玹ä»ããŸããè±èªã®èªåœååäžããããèªç¶ãªè±æè¡šçŸãç®æãæ¹ã ã«ãšã£ãŠããã²ã圹ã«ç«ãŠãæ å ±ãè©°ãŸã£ãã³ã³ãã³ãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã圢æ è«çã«ã¿ãè±èªã®å±æèªå°Ÿã®äžçãã玹ä»ãããããã®ç¥èãçããã®è±èªåŠç¿ã«äžå©ãšãªãã°å¬ããã§ãã
- èšèªåŠã«ãããŠãmorphologyããšã¯ã©ãããæå³ã§ããïŒ
- èšèªåŠã§ãderivationããšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
- ð å±æèªå°Ÿã®åèªãªã¹ãïŒè±èªã®åœ¢æ è«
- è±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ãšã¯ïŒ
- çµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®éãã¯äœã§ããïŒ
- å±ææ¥èŸãšæŽŸçæ¥èŸã®è±èªã¯ïŒ
- èšèªåŠã«ãããŠãmorphologyããšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
- ãããã質å
èšèªåŠã«ãããŠãmorphologyããšã¯ã©ãããæå³ã§ããïŒ
èšèªåŠã«ãããŠãmorphologyããšã¯ã圢æ è«ãšèš³ãããããšãå€ããããã¯ãèšèªã®å éšæ§é ãç¹ã«åèªã®åœ¢æ ãæ§æèŠçŽ ãç 究ããåéã§ãã圢æ è«ã§ã¯ãåèªã®å éšæ§é ãåæãã圢æ çŽ ïŒã¢ã«ãã§ãŒã ïŒãšåŒã°ããæå°ã®åäœã«å解ããŸãã
圢æ è«ã®ç 究察象
圢æ è«ã§ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªäºé ãç 究ããŸãã
- åèªã®å éšæ§é ïŒåèªã®åœ¢æ ãæ§æèŠçŽ ãåæãã圢æ çŽ ã«å解ããŸãã
- 圢æ çŽ ã®çš®é¡ïŒåœ¢æ çŽ ã®çš®é¡ãç 究ããèªå¹¹ãæ¥é èŸãæ¥å°ŸèŸãªã©ãç¹å®ããŸãã
- 圢æ å€åïŒåèªã®åœ¢æ ãå€åããå Žåãç 究ããå±æã掟çãªã©ãç¹å®ããŸãã
圢æ è«ã®åææ¹æ³
圢æ è«ã§ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªåææ¹æ³ã䜿çšããŸãã
- 圢æ çŽ åæïŒåèªã圢æ çŽ ã«å解ããå圢æ çŽ ã®æå³ãæ©èœãåæããŸãã
- æ§é åæïŒåèªã®å éšæ§é ãåæãã圢æ çŽ ã®é 眮ãé¢ä¿ãç 究ããŸãã
- æ¯èŒåæïŒç°ãªãèšèªãæ¹èšã®åœ¢æ è«ãæ¯èŒããå ±éç¹ãçžéç¹ãç¹å®ããŸãã
圢æ è«ã®å¿çšå¯èœæ§
圢æ è«ã«ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªå¿çšå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
- èšèªæè²ïŒåœ¢æ è«ã®ç¥èãå¿çšããŠãèšèªæè²ã®ããã®ææãæ¹æ³ãéçºããŸãã
- èªç¶èšèªåŠçïŒåœ¢æ è«ã®ç¥èãå¿çšããŠãèªç¶èšèªåŠçã®ããã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãã·ã¹ãã ãéçºããŸãã
- èšèªé害ç 究ïŒåœ¢æ è«ã®ç¥èãå¿çšããŠãèšèªé害ã®åå ãæ²»çæ¹æ³ãç 究ããŸãã
èšèªåŠã§ãderivationããšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
èšèªåŠã§ãderivationããšã¯ãèªã®åœ¢æ è«çå€åã®äžçš®ã§ãæ¥é èŸãæ¥å°ŸèŸã®ä»å ãèªå¹¹ã®å€æŽãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠãèªã®æå³ãåè©ãå€ããããšã§ãã
掟çã®çš®é¡
掟çã«ã¯ããã€ãã®çš®é¡ããããŸãã
- æ¥é èŸæŽŸçïŒæ¥é èŸãä»å ããŠèªã®æå³ãå€ããããšãäŸïŒunïŒåŠå®ïŒ+ happy â unhappy
- æ¥å°ŸèŸæŽŸçïŒæ¥å°ŸèŸãä»å ããŠèªã®æå³ãå€ããããšãäŸïŒhappy + ness â happiness
- èªå¹¹å€å掟çïŒèªå¹¹èªäœãå€æŽããŠèªã®æå³ãå€ããããšãäŸïŒman â men
掟çã®æ©èœ
掟çã«ã¯ããã€ãã®æ©èœããããŸãã
- èªåœæ¡åŒµïŒæŽŸçã«ããæ°ããèªåœãåµé ããããšãã§ããŸãã
- èªã®çŽ°ååïŒæŽŸçã«ããèªã®æå³ããã现ããè¡šçŸããããšãã§ããŸãã
- ææ³æ©èœã®å€åïŒæŽŸçã«ããèªã®åè©ãææ³æ©èœãå€ããããšãã§ããŸãã
掟çã®éèŠæ§
掟çã¯èšèªåŠã«ãããŠéåžžã«éèŠãªæŠå¿µã§ãã
- èšèªã®è±å¯ãïŒæŽŸçã«ããèšèªã®èªåœãè±å¯ã«ãªããããããå€ãã®æŠå¿µãã¢ã€ãã¢ãè¡šçŸããããšãã§ããŸãã
- èšèªã®å€åïŒæŽŸçã¯èšèªã®å€åãä¿é²ãããããèšèªã®æŽå²ççºå±ãç解ããäžã§éèŠã§ãã
- èšèªã®æ§é ïŒæŽŸçã¯èšèªã®æ§é ãæããã«ãããããèšèªã®ææ³çè«ãæ§ç¯ããäžã§éèŠã§ãã
ð å±æèªå°Ÿã®åèªãªã¹ãïŒè±èªã®åœ¢æ è«
è±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ã«ãããŠãå±æèªå°Ÿã¯åèªã«ææ³çæ å ±ãè¿œå ããããã«äœ¿çšãããèŠçŽ ã§ãããã®èšäºã§ã¯ãå±æèªå°Ÿãæã€åèªã®ãªã¹ããšãããããã®ç¹åŸŽã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã説æããŸãã
1. åè©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿ
è±èªã®åè©ã¯ãæå¶ã人称ãæ°ãªã©ãè¡šãããã«å±æèªå°ŸãåããŸããäŸãã°ã-sã¯äžäººç§°åæ°çŸåšåœ¢ã-edã¯éå»åœ¢ãŸãã¯éå»åè©ã-ingã¯çŸåšåè©ãè¡šããŸãã
åè© | å±æèªå°Ÿ | æå³ |
play | -s | ãã¬ã€ããïŒäžäººç§°åæ°çŸåšåœ¢ïŒ |
walk | -ed | æ©ããïŒéå»åœ¢ïŒ |
jump | -ing | è·³ããŠããïŒçŸåšåè©ïŒ |
2. åè©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿ
åè©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿã¯ãäž»ã«æ°ïŒåæ°ãŸãã¯è€æ°ïŒãè¡šããŸããæãäžè¬çãªåè©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿã¯-sãŸãã¯-esã§ãã
åè© | å±æèªå°Ÿ | æå³ |
book | -s | æžç©ïŒè€æ°åœ¢ïŒ |
box ïŸïœ°ïŸ | -es | ç®±ïŒè€æ°åœ¢ïŒ |
3. 圢容è©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿ
è±èªã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã¯ãäžè¬çã«å±æèªå°Ÿãæããªãã§ãããæ¯èŒçŽãæäžçŽã圢æããããã«-usedã-erã䜿çšããããšããããŸãã
åœ¢å®¹è© | å±æèªå°Ÿ | æå³ |
big ïŸ | -er | ãã£ãšå€§ããïŒæ¯èŒçŽïŒ |
happy ïŸ | -est | æã幞ããªïŒæäžçŽïŒ |
4. 代åè©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿ
è±èªã®ä»£åè©ã¯ãæ ŒïŒäž»æ Œãç®çæ Œãæææ ŒïŒãæ°ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªã圢ãåããŸãããããããããã®å€åã¯èšèªã®åæã®æ®µéã§çºçããçŸä»£è±èªã§ã¯ããŸãèŠåçã§ã¯ãããŸããã
代åè© ïŸ | æ Œ | æå³ |
he ïŸ | äž»æ Œ ïŸ | 圌ã ïŸ |
him ïŸ | ç®çæ Œ ïŸ | 圌ã ïŸ |
his ïŸ | æææ Œ ïŸ | åœŒã® ïŸ |
5. å眮è©ã®å±æèªå°Ÿ ïŸ
è±èªã®å眮è©ã¯éåžžãå±æèªå°Ÿãæããã圢åŒãå€ããããšããããŸãããããããå眮è©ãšå è©ãçµã¿åããã£ãŠçž®çŽåœ¢ã«ãªãããšããããŸããäŸãã°ãin theãin'ã«ãªãå ŽåããããŸãããã ããããã¯å£èªè¡šçŸã§ãããæ£åŒãªææžã§ã¯äœ¿çšãããŸããã
åçœ®è© ïŸ | çž®çŽåœ¢ | æå³ |
in the ïŸ | in' ïŸ | ïœã®äžã§ïŒå£èªè¡šçŸïŒ ïŸ |
è±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ãšã¯ïŒ
è±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ãšã¯ãè±èªã®åèªã®æ§é ã圢æ ããŸãããããã©ããã£ãŠçµã¿åãããããããç 究ããèšèªåŠã®åéã§ãã圢æ è«ã¯ãèªåœã«ããŽãªãŒãèªåœã®æå³ãç解ããäžã§éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠããŸãã
èªå¹¹ãšæ¥å°ŸèŸ
è±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ã§ã¯ãåèªãèªå¹¹ãšæ¥å°ŸèŸã«å解ããããšãã§ããŸããèªå¹¹ã¯ãåèªã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ãæã¡ãæ¥å°ŸèŸã¯ãã®æå³ãå€åããã圹å²ãæãããŸããäŸãã°ãplayãšããåèªã¯èªå¹¹ã§ãããerãšããæ¥å°ŸèŸãè¿œå ããããšã§People who playãšããæå³ã®playerã«ãªãããšããããŸãã
- èªå¹¹(Stem): åèªã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ãæã€éšåã
- æ¥å°ŸèŸ(Suffix): èªå¹¹ã«ä»å ããããã®æå³ãå€åãããèŠçŽ ã
- æ¥é èŸ(Prefix): èªå¹¹ã®åã«ä»å ããããã®æå³ãå€åãããèŠçŽ ã
掟çãšå±æ
è±èªã®åœ¢æ è«ã«ã¯ã掟çãšå±æã®2ã€ã®äž»èŠãªããã»ã¹ããããŸãã掟çãšã¯ãæ°ããåèªãæå³ãçæããããã«èªå¹¹ã«æ¥å°ŸèŸãæ¥é èŸãä»å ããããã»ã¹ã§ããäžæ¹ãå±æãšã¯ãåèªã®ææ³çãªæ å ±ã瀺ãããã«èªå¹¹ãå€åãããããã»ã¹ã§ããäŸãã°ãbigãšããåèªã«æŽŸçæ¥å°ŸèŸnessãè¿œå ããããšã§ãæ°ããåè©bignessãçæãããŸãããŸããwalkãšããåè©ã«å±ææ¥å°ŸèŸedãè¿œå ããããšã§ãéå»åœ¢ã®walkedãçæãããŸãã
- 掟ç(Derivation): æ°ããåèªãæå³ãçæããããã«èªå¹¹ã«æ¥å°ŸèŸãæ¥é èŸãä»å ããããã»ã¹ã
- å±æ(Inflection): åèªã®ææ³çãªæ å ±ã瀺ãããã«èªå¹¹ãå€åãããããã»ã¹ã
- èªåœçãªæå³ãå€åããã: 掟çã¯èªåœçãªæå³ãå€åãããããšãäžè¬çã§ããã
è€åèª
è€åèªãšã¯ã2ã€ä»¥äžã®åèªãçµã¿åããã£ãŠæ°ããæå³ãæã€åèªã圢æããããã»ã¹ã§ããè±èªã«ã¯å€ãã®è€åèªãååšãããããã¯åœ¢æ è«ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ããäŸãã°ãrainãšbowãšãã2ã€ã®åèªãçµã¿åããã£ãŠrainbowãšããæ°ããåèªãçæãããŸãã
- è€åèª(Compound): 2ã€ä»¥äžã®åèªãçµã¿åããã£ãŠæ°ããæå³ãæã€åèªã圢æããããã»ã¹ã
- é£çµããåèªã®æå³ãçµã¿åããã: è€åèªã¯ãé£çµããåèªã®æå³ãçµã¿åãããŠæ°ããæå³ãçæããã
- å€ãã®è€åèªãååšãã: è±èªã«ã¯éåžžã«å€ãã®è€åèªãååšãã圢æ è«ãç解ããäžã§éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ããã
çµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®éãã¯äœã§ããïŒ
çµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®éãã¯ãèšèªåŠã«ãããææ³ã®ç°ãªãåŽé¢ãæ±ãããšã§ããçµ±èªè«ã¯ãåèªãå¥ãã©ã®ããã«çµã¿åãããããŠæã圢æãããããç 究ããåéã§ãããäžæ¹ã§åœ¢æ è«ã¯ãåèªã®å éšæ§é ãšãåèªãã©ã®ããã«åœ¢æ çŽ ããæ§æãããããæ±ããŸãã
çµ±èªè«ã®ç¹åŸŽ
çµ±èªè«ã¯ãæã®æ§é ãåèªã®é åãå¥ãç¯ã®é¢ä¿æ§ãç 究ããåéã§ããçµ±èªè«ã®äž»èŠãªåœ¹å²ã¯ãæã®æå³ã決å®ããããã®èŠåãåçãæããã«ããããšã§ãã
- å¥æ§é èŠåïŒçµ±èªè«ã¯ãåè©å¥ãåè©å¥ãå眮è©å¥ãªã©ãããŸããŸãªã¿ã€ãã®å¥ãã©ã®ããã«åœ¢æãããããèŠå®ããŸãã
- æã®éå±€æ§ïŒçµ±èªè«ã¯ãæãéå±€çãªæ§é ãæã£ãŠããããšãæããã«ããæã®èŠçŽ ãã©ã®ããã«å ¥ãåæ§é ã圢æããããç 究ããŸãã
- æã®çæïŒçµ±èªè«ã¯ãææ³èŠåã«åºã¥ããŠæãã©ã®ããã«çæãããããèšè¿°ããèšèªã®åµé æ§ã解æããããšè©Šã¿ãŸãã
圢æ è«ã®ç¹åŸŽ
圢æ è«ã¯ãåèªã®å éšæ§é ãšãåèªãã©ã®ããã«åœ¢æ çŽ ããæ§æãããããç 究ããåéã§ãã圢æ è«ã¯ãåèªã®åœ¢æ ãšæå³ã®é¢ä¿ã調æ»ããåèªã®åœ¢æããã»ã¹ã解æããŸãã
- 圢æ çŽ ã®åé¡ïŒåœ¢æ è«ã¯ãåèªãæ§æãã圢æ çŽ ããèªå¹¹ãæ¥é èŸãæ¥å°ŸèŸãªã©ã«åé¡ããããããã®åœ¹å²ãæããã«ããŸãã
- èªåœ¢æèŠåïŒåœ¢æ è«ã¯ãåèªãã©ã®ããã«æŽŸçãåæã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢æãããããèŠå®ããèšèªã®å€æ§æ§ã解æããŸãã
- å±æå€åïŒåœ¢æ è«ã¯ãåèªã®å±æå€åïŒæ Œãæ°ãæå¶ãæ ãªã©ïŒãç 究ããåèªãæäžã§ã©ã®ããã«æ©èœããããæããã«ããŸãã
çµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®é¢ä¿æ§
çµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã¯ããšãã«èšèªã®ææ³ãæ§æããéèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ãããããããç°ãªãåŽé¢ãæ±ããŸããçµ±èªè«ã¯æã®æ§é ãšåèªã®é åãç 究ãã圢æ è«ã¯åèªã®å éšæ§é ãšåœ¢æ çŽ ã®çµã¿åããã調æ»ããŸããäž¡è ã¯å¯æ¥ã«é¢é£ããŠãããèšèªã®ææ³äœç³»ãå šé¢çã«ç解ããããã«ã¯ãçµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®ç¥èã®çµ±åãå¿ èŠã§ãã
- çžäºäœçšïŒçµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã¯çžäºäœçšãæã¡ãåèªã®åœ¢æ ãçµ±èªæ§é ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããçµ±èªçãªèŠå ãåèªã®åœ¢æ ã決å®ãããããŸãã
- èšèªã®å€æ§æ§ïŒçµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®ç 究ã¯ãèšèªéã®æ§é çå·®ç°ãæããã«ããèšèªã®å€æ§æ§ãšæ®éæ§ãç解ããããã®åºç€ãæäŸããŸãã
- èšèªç¿åŸïŒçµ±èªè«ãšåœ¢æ è«ã®ç¥èã¯ãèšèªç¿åŸã®éçšã解æãã第äºèšèªç¿åŸãèšèªé害ã®ç 究ã«å¿çšã§ããŸãã
å±ææ¥èŸãšæŽŸçæ¥èŸã®è±èªã¯ïŒ
å±ææ¥èŸãšæŽŸçæ¥èŸã®è±èªã¯ãããããinflectional suffixãšderivational suffixã§ãã
å±ææ¥èŸïŒinflectional suffixïŒ
å±ææ¥èŸã¯ãåèªã®èªåœ¢å€åã瀺ãæ¥èŸã§ãããåèªã®åè©ãæå³ã¯å€ããŸããããæ°ãæå¶ãæ Œãªã©ãè¡šããŸããæ¥æ¬èªã«ã¯ããŸãèŠãããªãç¹åŸŽã§ãããè±èªã§ã¯éåžžã«éèŠã§ãã
- äŸïŒ play (åè©ã®å圢) + -s (äžäººç§°åæ°çŸåšåœ¢ã®å±ææ¥èŸ) = plays (äžäººç§°åæ°çŸåšåœ¢)
- äŸïŒ dog (åè©ã®åæ°åœ¢) + -s (è€æ°åœ¢ã®å±ææ¥èŸ) = dogs (åè©ã®è€æ°åœ¢)
- äŸïŒ big (圢容è©ã®å圢) + -er (æ¯èŒçŽã®å±ææ¥èŸ) = bigger (圢容è©ã®æ¯èŒçŽ)
掟çæ¥èŸïŒderivational suffixïŒ
掟çæ¥èŸã¯ãåèªã®åè©ãæå³ãå€ããæ¥èŸã§ããæ°ããåèªãäœãåºãåãããããèšèªã®èªåœãè±ãã«ããŸãã
- äŸïŒ play (åè©) + -er (åè©æŽŸçæ¥èŸ) = player (åè©)
- äŸïŒ happy (圢容è©) + -ness (åè©æŽŸçæ¥èŸ) = happiness (åè©)
- äŸïŒ friend (åè©) + -ly (å¯è©æŽŸçæ¥èŸ) = friendly (圢容è©)
å±ææ¥èŸãšæŽŸçæ¥èŸã®éã
å±ææ¥èŸãšæŽŸçæ¥èŸã®äž»ãªéãã¯ãåèªã®åè©ãæå³ãå€ãããã©ããã§ããå±ææ¥èŸã¯åèªã®èªåœ¢å€åã瀺ãã ãã§ãåè©ãæå³ã¯å€ããŸãããäžæ¹ã掟çæ¥èŸã¯åèªã®åè©ãæå³ãå€ããæ°ããåèªãäœãåºãããšãã§ããŸãã
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